No United States military assistance may be provided to Pakistan and no military equipment or technology may be sold, transferred, or licensed for sale to Pakistan pursuant to the authorities contained in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) or any other Act unless the President first certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that--

(1) the Government of Pakistan has provided the Government of the United States with unrestricted opportunities to interview the Pakistani nuclear scientist, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, regarding the illegal international nuclear proliferation network established and operated by Dr. Khan;
(2) the Government of Pakistan has complied with requests for assistance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regarding the illegal international nuclear proliferation network, including by providing requested documents, materials, equipment, and access to individuals; and
(3) the Government of the United States--

(A) has determined the full scope of the activities and participants of the illegal international nuclear proliferation network;
(B) has determined the nature and extent of the illegal international nuclear proliferation network's connection to al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden; and
(C) in conjunction with the International Atomic Energy Agency, has confirmed that the illegal international nuclear proliferation network has been completely dismantled.

During the Cold War, universities could draw on a pool of extraordinary European emigres. But in educating scholars of the Muslim Middle East, we must start almost from scratch. We can provide incentives to bring PhD candidates from the region to study at U.S. universities, but we must understand that filling the large gaps in our universities is the work of a generation.

Senators Kerry and Lugar said nothing new by mentioning Armstrong's name.

* The Washington Times-owned Insight on the News identified Armstrong as the NIO who was "coordinating" Bolton's speech in September 2002.

* The New York Times published a story about efforts by Otto Reich to pressure Armstrong in January 2003.

* A Wall Street Journal opinion piece accused Armstrong of a "lackadaisical approach to a mounting body of disturbing evidence" about threats to the United States from Cuba and Venezuela in March 2003.

* Salon mentioned Armstrong, again by name, as an analyst who had been smeared as "somehow under the influence of the Cuban government" in January 2004.

Mr. Reich, officials said, was among several foreign policy officials who complained to the White House about government intelligence assessments on Cuba, in particular the work of the analyst, Fulton T. Armstrong, the national intelligence officer for Latin America.

According to several officials, Mr. Armstrong has written skeptically about Cuba's importance as a military threat, its intention to develop offensive biological weapons and its continued inclusion on the State Department's annual list of countries that sponsor terrorism. Mr. Armstrong, a career Central Intelligence Agency analyst who now serves on the National Intelligence Council, an advisory body for the director of central intelligence, also worked on the National Security Council in the Clinton administration.

But Mr. Armstrong's supporters respond that he has been targeted by ideologues who would distort the intelligence process to get the kind of analysis they want. These officials said that while Mr. Armstrong had sometimes ruffled feathers with his outspoken style, he was widely respected as an analyst and trusted by George J. Tenet, the director of central intelligence.

While the signatories are certainly free to oppose the Administration's positions, their differences seem to be with a man twice elected by the American people to design and execute security policies, rather than with one of his most effective and articulate officials.